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<title>Sudarshana Chakra</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudarshana Chakra</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For people named Sudarshana, see <a href="Sudarshana_(name)" title="Sudarshana (name)">Sudarshana (name)</a>.</div>

<p>The <b>Sudarshana Chakra</b> (<a href="Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">सुदर्शनचक्र</span>, <a href="IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sudarśanacakra</i></span>) is a divine discus, attributed to the god <a href="Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in the <a href="Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sudarshana Chakra is generally portrayed on the right rear hand of the <a href="Chaturbhuja" title="Chaturbhuja">four hands</a> of Vishnu, who also holds the <a href="Panchajanya" title="Panchajanya">Panchajanya</a> (conch), the <a href="Kaumodaki" title="Kaumodaki">Kaumodaki</a> (mace), and the <a href="Padma_(Vishnu)" title="Padma (Vishnu)">Padma</a> (lotus).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the <i><a href="Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>, the Sudarshana Chakra is stated to be Vishnu's symbol as the wheel of time.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discus later emerged as an <a href="Ayudhapurusha" title="Ayudhapurusha">ayudhapurusha</a> (an anthropomorphic form), as a fierce form of <a href="Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, used for the destruction of demons. As an <i>ayudhapurusha</i>, the deity is known as <i>Chakraperumal</i> or <i>Chakratalvar</i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<p>The word <i>Sudarshana</i> is derived from two Sanskrit words – <i>Su</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">सु</span></span>) meaning "good/auspicious" and <i><a href="Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">Darshana</a></i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">दर्शन</span></span>) meaning "vision". In the Monier-Williams dictionary the word Chakra is derived from the root <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">क्रम्</span></span> (<i>kram</i>) or <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ऋत्</span></span> (<i>rt</i>) or <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">क्रि</span></span> (<i>kri</i>) and refers among many meanings, to the wheel of a <a href="Carriage" title="Carriage">carriage</a>, wheel of the sun's chariot or <a href="Metaphorically" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphorically">metaphorically</a> to the <a href="Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">wheel of time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, the Sudarshana Chakra is also known as Chakratalvar (disc-ruler).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rigveda">Rigveda</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> mentions the Sudarshana Chakra as a symbol of Vishnu, and as the wheel of time.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> features the divine discus as a weapon of <a href="Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, identified with Vishnu. The deity beheads <a href="Shishupala" title="Shishupala">Shishupala</a> with the Sudarshana Chakra at the <a href="Rajasuya" title="Rajasuya">rajasuya yajna</a> of Emperor <a href="Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a>. He also employs it during the fourteenth day of the <a href="Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a> to obscure the sun. The <a href="Kaurava" title="Kaurava">Kauravas</a> are deceived, allowing <a href="Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> to slay <a href="Jayadratha" title="Jayadratha">Jayadratha</a>, avenging the death of his <a href="Abhimanyu" title="Abhimanyu">son</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramayana">Ramayana</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> states that the Sudarshana Chakra was created by the divine architect, <a href="Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a>. Vishnu slays a <a href="Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">danava</a> named Hayagriva on top of a mountain named Chakravana, seizing the discus from him.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahirbudhnya_Samhita">Ahirbudhnya Samhita</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Ahirbudhnya_Samhita" title="Ahirbudhnya Samhita">Ahirbudhnya Samhita</a> (<a href="Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">अहिर्बुध्न्यसंहिता</span>, <a href="IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ahiburdhnyasaṃhitā</i></span>) is a <a href="Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava</a> text belonging to the <a href="Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a> tradition. It is a <a href="Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrika</a> composition, composed possibly over several centuries within the 1st millennium CE, most probably at 200 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-burley_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burley-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahirbudhnya Saṃhita literally means a compendium (<i>samhita</i>) of the serpent-from-the-depths (from <i>ahi</i> for serpent and <i>budhna</i> for bottom/root).<sup id="cite_ref-burley_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burley-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sukumari_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sukumari-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the <i>Ahirbudhnya Samhita</i>, <a href="Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> emanated in 39 different forms.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Samhita is characteristic for its concept of Sudarshana. It provides mantras for Sudarshana, and details the method of worship of the multi-armed Sudarshana. Its chapters include explanations on the origin of <i>astras</i> (weapons), <i>anga</i> (mantras), <a href="Vyuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyuha">Vyuhas</a>, sounds, and diseases, how to make Sudarshana Purusha appear, how to resist divine weapons and black magic, and provides method for making and worshipping the Sudarshana Yantra. The <i>Ahirbudhnya Samhita</i> is the source of Taraka Mantra, Narasimhanustubha Mantra, three occult alphabets, Sashtitantra and select astra mantras. It also mentions the <a href="Purusha_Sukta" title="Purusha Sukta">Purusha Sukta</a>. The four Vyuhas in this samhita are <a href="Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a>, <a href="Samkarshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarshana">Samkarshana</a>, <a href="Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a> and <a href="Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranas">Puranas</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> also state the Sudarshana Chakra was made by <a href="Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a>, featuring a legend regarding its origin: Vishvakarma's daughter, <a href="Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjña</a>, was married to the sun god, <a href="Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>. However, due to her consort's blazing light and heat, she could not approach him. When she informed her father regarding this, Vishvakarma diminished the brilliance of the sun so that his daughter could be with him. From the splendour of the sun, Vishvakarma produced three divine objects: the aerial vehicle <a href="Pushpaka_Vimana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushpaka Vimana">Pushpaka Vimana</a>, the <a href="Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a> of <a href="Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, and the Sudarshana Chakra of <a href="Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Following the self-immolation of <a href="Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a> in the Daksha yajna, a grieving <a href="Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> carried around her lifeless body, and was inconsolable. To liberate him from his anguish, Vishnu employed Sudarshana Chakra to cut the corpse of <a href="Sati_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sati (goddess)">Sati</a> into fifty-one pieces. The fifty-one parts of the goddess' body are believed to have scattered across the earth, venerated as the <a href="Shakti_Peethas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakti Peethas">Shakti Pithas</a>.

</p><p>Vishnu granted King <a href="Ambarisha" title="Ambarisha">Ambarisha</a> the boon of the Sudarshana Chakra to reward him for his devotion.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Sudarshana Chakra was also used to behead <a href="Rahu" title="Rahu">Rahu</a> and cut the celestial <a href="Mount_Mandara" title="Mount Mandara">Mandara mountain</a> during the <a href="Samudra_manthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudra manthan">Samudra Manthana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_representations">Historical representations</h2></div>

<p>The chakra is found in the coins of many tribes with the word <i>gana</i> and the name of the tribe inscribed on them.<sup id="cite_ref-nandita_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nandita-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early historical evidence of the Sudarshana-Chakra is found in a rare tribal <a href="Vrishni" title="Vrishni">Vrishni</a> silver coin with the legend <i>Vṛishṇi-rājaṅṅya-gaṇasya-trātasya</i> which P. L. Gupta thought was possibly jointly issued by the gana (tribal confederation) after the Vrishnis formed a confederation with the Rajanya tribe. However, there is no conclusive proof so far. Discovered by Cunningham, and currently placed in the British Museum, the silver coin is witness to the political existence of the Vrishnis.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is dated to around 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-nandita_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nandita-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vrishni copper coins dated to later time were found in Punjab. Another example of coins inscribed with the chakra are the Taxila coins of the 2nd century BCE with a sixteen-spoked wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-nandita_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nandita-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A coin dated to 180 BCE, with an image of Vasudeva-Krishna, was found in the Greco-Bactrian city of <a href="Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a> in the Kunduz area of Afghanistan, minted by <a href="Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles of Bactria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nepal, Jaya Cakravartindra Malla of Kathmandu issued a coin with the chakra.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Among the only two types of Chakra-vikrama coins known so far, there is one gold coin in which Vishnu is depicted as the Chakra-purusha. Though Chandragupta II issued coins with the epithet <i>vikrama</i>, due to the presence of the kalpavriksha on the reverse it has not been possible to ascribe it to him.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropomorphic_form">Anthropomorphic form</h2></div>

<p>The anthropomorphic form of Sudarshana can be traced from discoid weapons of ancient India to his esoteric multi-armed images in the medieval period in which the Chakra served the supreme deity (Vishnu) as his faithful attendants.<sup id="cite_ref-hflam_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hflam-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the two-armed Chakra-Purusha was humanistic, the medieval multi-armed Sudarshana (known as Chakraperumal or Chakrathalvar) was speculatively regarded as an impersonal manifestation of destructive forces in the universe; that, in its final aspect, combined the flaming weapon and the wheel of time which destroys the <a href="Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hflam_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hflam-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-begley_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-begley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The rise of Tantrism aided the development of the anthropomorphic personification of the chakra as the active aspect of Vishnu with few sculptures of the <a href="Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala era</a> bearing witness to the development,<sup id="cite_ref-doshi_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doshi-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the chakra in this manner possibly associated with the <a href="Vrishni" title="Vrishni">Vrishnis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nandita_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nandita-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the worship of Sudarshana as a quasi-independent deity concentrated with the power of Vishnu in its entirety is a phenomenon of the southern part of India; with idols, texts and inscriptions surfacing from the 13th century onwards and increasing in large numbers only after the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-doshi_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doshi-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <i>Chakra Purusha</i> in <a href="Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a> texts has either four, six, eight, sixteen, or thirty-two hands,<sup id="cite_ref-parimoo_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parimoo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with double-sided images of multi-armed Sudarshana on one side and <a href="Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> on other side (called Sudarshana-Narasimha in Pancharatra) within a circular rim, sometimes in dancing posture found in Gaya area datable to 6th and 8th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-orissa_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orissa-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unique images of Chakra Purusha, one with Varaha in Rajgir possibly dating to the 7th century,

<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another from Aphsad (Bihar) detailing a fine personification dating to 672 CE have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>While the chakra is ancient, with the emergence of the anthropomorphic forms of <i>chakra</i> and <i>shankha</i> traceable in the north and east of India as the <i>Chakra-Purusha</i> and <i>Shanka-Purusha</i>; in the south of India, the Nayak period popularized the personified images of Sudarshana with the flames. In the Kilmavilangai cave is an archaic rock-cut structure in which an image of Vishnu has been hallowed out, holding the Shanka and Chakra, without flames.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, the Chakrapurusha with the flames had not been conceived in the south of India. The threat of invasions from the north was a national emergency during which the rulers sought out the <a href="Ahirbudhnya_Samhita" title="Ahirbudhnya Samhita">Ahirbudhnya Samhita</a>, which prescribes that the king should resolve the threat by making and worshiping images of Sudarshana.<sup id="cite_ref-begley_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-begley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Though similar motives contributed to the installation of images of Sudarshana during the <a href="Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara period</a>, there was a wider distribution of the cult during the <a href="Nayak_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayak dynasty">Nayak period</a>, with Sudarshana's images set up in temples ranging from small, out-of-the-way temples to large temples of importance.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though political turmoil resulted in the disintegration of the <a href="Vijayanagara_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagara empire">Vijayanagara empire</a>, the construction and refurbishing of temples did not cease; with the Nayak period continuing with their architectural enterprises, which Begley and Nilakantha Sastri note "reflected the rulers' awareness of their responsibilities in the preservation and development of all that remained of <a href="Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.

</p><p>The worship of Sudarshana Chakra is found in the Vedic and in the tantric cults. In the <a href="Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda purana</a>, the chakra was also invoked in tantric rites.<sup id="cite_ref-nandita_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nandita-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tantric cult of Sudarshana was to empower the king to defeat his enemies in the shortest time possible.<sup id="cite_ref-doshi_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doshi-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudarshana's hair, depicted as tongues of flames flaring high forming a nimbus, bordering the rim of the discus and surrounding the deity in a circle of rays (Prabha-mandala) are a depiction of the deity's destructive energy.<sup id="cite_ref-doshi_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doshi-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation">Representation</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3></div>

<p>Various <a href="Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a> texts describe the Sudarshan chakra as prana, Maya, kriya, shakti, bhava, unmera, udyama and saṃkalpa.<sup id="cite_ref-nandita_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nandita-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="Ahirbudhnya_Samhita" title="Ahirbudhnya Samhita">Ahirbudhanya Samhita</a> of the <a href="Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a>, on bondage and liberation, the soul is represented as belonging to <i>bhuti-shakti</i> (made of 2 parts, viz., time (<i>bhuti</i>) and shakti (<i>maya</i>) which passes through rebirths until it is reborn in its own natural form which is liberated; with the reason and object of samsara remaining a mystery. Samsara is represented as the 'play' of God even though God in the Samhita's representation is the perfect one with no desire to play. The beginning and the end of the play is effected through Sudarshana, who in the <a href="Ahirbudhnya_Samhita" title="Ahirbudhnya Samhita">Ahirbudhanya Samhita</a> is the will of the omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent God. The Sudarshana manifests in 5 main ways to wit the 5 Shaktis, which are creation, preservation, destruction, obstruction, and obscuration; to free the soul from taints and fetters which produce <i>vasanas</i> causing new births; so as to make the soul return to her natural form and condition which she shares with the supreme lord, namely, omnipotence, omniscience, omnipresence.<sup id="cite_ref-otto_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otto-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapon">Weapon</h3></div>

<p>According to the <a href="Ahirbudhnya_Samhita" title="Ahirbudhnya Samhita">Ahirbudhanya Samhita</a>, "Vishnu, in the form of Chakra, was held as the ideal of worship for kings desirous of obtaining universal sovereignty",<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a concept associated with the <a href="Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> tradition in the Puranas, a religious condition traceable to the Gupta period,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also led to the <a href="Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">chakravartin</a> concept.<sup id="cite_ref-begley_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-begley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of universal sovereignty possibly facilitated the syncretism of <a href="Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and reciprocally reinforced their military power and heroic exploits; with the kshatriya hero, <a href="Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> preserving order in the phenomenal world while the composite <a href="Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> is the creator and upholder of the universe supporting all existence.<sup id="cite_ref-begley_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-begley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Begley notes the evolution of the anthropomorphic iconography of Sudarshana, beginning from early expansion of the Bhagavata sect thus:

</p>

<blockquote><p> "In contrast to the relatively simple religious function of the Cakra-Purusa, the iconographic role of the medieval Sudarsana-Purusa of South India was exceedingly complex. The medieval Sudarsana was conceived as a terrifying deity of destruction, for whose worship special tantric rituals were devised. The iconographic conception of Sudarsana as an esoteric agent of destruction constitutes a reassertion of the original militaristic connotation of the cakra".<sup id="cite_ref-begley_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-begley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>An early scriptural reference in obtaining the 'grace of Sudarshana' through building a temple for him can be found in the <a href="Ahirbudhnya_Samhita" title="Ahirbudhnya Samhita">Ahirbudhanya Samhita</a>, in the story of <a href="Kushadhwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushadhwaja">Kushadhvaja</a>, a king of the Janakas, who felt possessed by the devil causing him various ills, due to a sin from his past life in killing a righteous king. His guru advises him to build the temple, following which he performs propitiatory rites for 10 days upon which he is cured.<sup id="cite_ref-otto_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otto-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the multi-armed Sudarsana as a horrific figure with numerous weapons standing on a flaming wheel comes from southern Indian iconography with the earliest example of the South Indian Sudarsana image being a small eight-armed bronze image from the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-begley_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-begley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; color:#001A57; border-color: #001A57"><a href="Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Vaishnavism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Supreme deity</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<dl><dt><a href="Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Important deities</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<dl><dt><a href="Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li>

<li><a href="Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li>

<li><a href="Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li>

<li><a href="Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li>

<li><a href="Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li>

<li><a href="Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li>

<li><a href="Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li>

<li><a href="Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li>

<li><a href="Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li>

<li><a href="Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li>

<li><a href="Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li>

<li><a href="Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li>

<li><a href="Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li>

<li><a href="Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li>

<li><a href="Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li>

<li><a href="Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li>

<li><a href="Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Related</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li>

<li><a href="Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li>

<li><a href="Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Holy scriptures</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li>

<li><a href="Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li>

<li><a href="Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li>

<li><a href="Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li>

<li><a href="Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li>

<li><a href="Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Sampradayas</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul>

<dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li>

<li><a href="Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li>

<li><a href="Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li>

<li><a href="Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Acharya" title="Acharya"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Teachers—acharyas</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li>

<li><a href="Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li>

<li><a href="Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li>

<li><a href="Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li>

<li><a href="Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li>

<li><a href="Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li>

<li><a href="Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li>

<li><a href="Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li>

<li><a href="Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li>

<li><a href="Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li>

<li><a href="Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li>

<li><a href="Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li>

<li><a href="Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li>

<li><a href="Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li>

<li><a href="Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li>

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<li><a href="Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Kantha_Krishnamacharyulu" title="Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu">Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu</a></li>

<li><a href="Annamacharya" title="Annamacharya">Annamacharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhadrachala_Ramadasu" title="Bhadrachala Ramadasu">Bhadrachala Ramadasu</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<ul><li><a href="Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li>

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<p>Though Chakraperumal or Chakratalvar shrines (<i>sannidhis</i>) are found inside Vishnu's temples, there are very few temples dedicated to Chakraperumal alone as the main deity (<a href="Moolavar" title="Moolavar">moolavar</a>):

</p>

<ul><li>Sri Sudarshana Bhagavan Temple, <a href="Nagamangala" title="Nagamangala">Nagamangala</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakrapani_Temple%2C_Kumbakonam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakrapani Temple, Kumbakonam">Chakrapani Temple, Kumbakonam</a> – located on the banks of the Chakra Bathing Ghat of the <a href="Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> river. Here, the god is Chakra Rājan and his consort is Vijayavalli.</li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath Temple, Puri</a>, where <a href="Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> (a form of Vishnu-Krishna), <a href="Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a>, <a href="Balarama" title="Balarama">Balabhadra</a> and Sudarshana are the main deities.</li>

<li>The temple of Chakraperumal in <a href="Gingee" title="Gingee">Gingee</a> on the banks of <a href="Sankaraparani_River" title="Sankaraparani River">Varahanadi</a> is now defunct<sup id="cite_ref-srinivasachari_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srinivasachari-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>In Kerala, Sudharsana Chakra is worshiped both directly and in the form of Shatrughna, one of four sons of King Dasharatha, and brother to Lord Rama, considered an avatar of Sudharsana Moorthy.

</p><p>As Sudharsana Moorthy

</p>

<ul><li>Alathiyur Pavelikkara Narayanathu Kavu Sudarshana Temple, Triprangode, Malappuram. A rare sudarshana temple complex in Kerala dedicated to Lord Sudarshana. Along with the main deity, Badrakali, Shastha and naga are worshipped here. The temple is also the paradevatha of mangalassery.</li>

<li><a href="Thuravoor%2C_Cherthala" title="Thuravoor, Cherthala">Thuravoor</a> Sree Narasimha Moorthy Temple, <a href="Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha</a>- One of the rare temple complexes in Kerala, where two sanctum sanctorums are situated within a single Nalambalam (temple structure), one of the sanctums in dedicated to Lord Narasimha and the other to Maha Sudarsana Moorthy. The Sudarsana Moorthy Temple is believed to be 1300 years old.</li>

<li><a href="Sreevallabha_Temple" title="Sreevallabha Temple">Sreevallabha Temple, Thiruvalla, Pathanamthitta</a> - One of the oldest and largest temples in Kerala and one of the 108 <a href="Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">Divya Desams</a>, Sudharsana Moorthy is worshipped along with Sreevallabha in this temple. The temple for Sudarshana Chakra was built by Sreedevi Antherjanam of Sankramangalathu Illam, and was rebuilt by Queen Cherumthevi in 59 BC.</li>

<li>Thrichakrapuram Temple, Puthanchira- The main deity is Sudharsana Moorthy. In the morning, the deity is worshiped as the fierce Maha Sudharsana Moorthy, and in the evening as the calmer Sudharsana Moorthy. The evening pujas are conducted without incense lamps and bells, in the form of hand gestures. Although worship is for Lord Vishnu as Sudarshana Moorthy, as the temple's legend is connected to Lord Shiva, the crescent moon is the main ornament attached to the idol.</li>

<li>Ayyarvattom Sree Maha Sudharshana Temple, Eravannur, Kozhikode</li>

<li>Pallikkara Sri Mahavishnu Sudharsana Temple, Kozhikode</li></ul>

<p><br>

As Shatrughna avatar

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Payammal_Shatrughna_Temple" title="Payammal Shatrughna Temple">Payammal Sree Shatrughna Swami Temple</a>, Thrissur</li>

<li>Methiri Sree Sathrughnaswamy Temple, Kottayam</li>

<li>Nedungaattu Sree Shatrugna Swami Temple(Mammalassery), Ernakulam</li>

<li>Naranathu Shatrughna Swami Temple, Malappuram</li>

<li>Payam Sri Mahavishu (Shatrughna) Temple, Kannur</li>

<li>Sree Shatrughna Swami Temple, Kalkulam, Kuthannur, Palakkad</li></ul>

<p>The icons of Chakra Perumal are generally built in the Vijayanagar style. There are two forms of Chakraperumal, one with 16 arms and another with 8 arms. The one with 16 arms is considered the god of destruction and is rarely found. The Chakraperumal shrine inside the <a href="Simhachalam_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Simhachalam Temple">Simhachalam Temple</a> is home to the rare 16-armed form. The one with 8 arms is benevolent and is the form generally found in Vishnu's temples. Chakraperumal was deified an avatar of Vishnu himself,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="Ahirbudhnya_Samhita" title="Ahirbudhnya Samhita">Ahirbudhnya Samhita</a> identifying the Chakra-Purusha with Vishnu himself, stating <i>Chakrarupi svayam Harih</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Simhachalam Temple follows the ritual of <i>Baliharana</i> or purification ceremony. Sudarshana or Chakraperumal is the <i>bali bera</i> (icon that accepts sacrifices, as a representative of the chief deity) of <a href="Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ks_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ks-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he stands with 16 arms holding emblems of Vishnu with a circular background halo.<sup id="cite_ref-ks_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ks-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Baliharana</i>, Chakraperumal is taken to a <i>yajnasala</i> where a <i><a href="Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a></i> (sacrifice) is performed, wherein cooked rice with ghee is offered while due murti mantras are chanted, along with the Vishnu Sukta and Purusha Sukta. Then he is taken on a palanquin around the temple with the remaining food offered to the guardian spirits of the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-ks_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ks-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Other temples with shrines to Sudarshana Chakra are <a href="Thiruevvul" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruevvul">Veeraraghava Swamy Temple</a>, Thiruevvul; <a href="Ranganathaswamy_Temple%2C_Srirangapatna" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna">Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna</a>; <a href="Thirumohoor_Kalamegaperumal_temple" title="Thirumohoor Kalamegaperumal temple">Thirumohoor Kalamegaperumal temple</a>, <a href="Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>; and <a href="Varadharaja_Perumal_Temple%2C_Kanchipuram" title="Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram">Varadharaja Perumal Temple</a>, <a href="Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>.

</p><p>The <i>Sudarshana <a href="Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">homam</a></i> is performed by invoking Sudarshana along with his consort Vijayavalli into the sacrificial fire. This <i>homam</i> is very popular in <a href="South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Ayudhapurusha" title="Ayudhapurusha">Ayudhapurusha</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahirbudhnya_Samhita" title="Ahirbudhnya Samhita">Ahirbudhnya Samhita</a></li>

<li><a href="Panchajanya" title="Panchajanya">Panchajanya</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakram" title="Chakram">Chakram</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a> of <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, named after this weapon.</li>

<li><a href="Sampo" title="Sampo">Sampo</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Vishnu's Flaming Wheel: The Iconography of the Sudarsana-Cakra</i> (New York, 1973) by W. E. Begley</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1901" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Purnendu Narayana (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GIBBAAAAYAAJ&dq=churning+of+the+ocean+bhagavata+purana&pg=PA169"><i>A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism</i></a>. Freeman & Company, Limited. p. 172.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nandita-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nandita_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nandita_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nandita_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nandita_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nandita_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nandita_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nanditha Krishna, (1980). The Art and Iconography of Vishnu-Narayana, p. 51.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHanda2007" class="citation book cs1">Handa, Devendra (2007). <i>Tribal Coins of Ancient India</i>. Aryan Books International. p. 140.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Cunningham, Alexander</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/coinsancientind00cunngoog#page/n97/mode/2up"><i>Coins of Ancient India: From the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century</i></a>. p. 70.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi1979" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, Nilakanth Purushottam (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vd-lKzyFg0C&pg=PA22"><i>Iconography of Balarāma</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 22. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788170171072</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSagar1992" class="citation book cs1">Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992). <i>Foreign Influence on Ancient India</i>. Northern Book Centre. p. 94. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>8172110286</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Jaya Cakravartindra Malla". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. Cambridge University Press: 702. 1908.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBajpai2004" class="citation book cs1">Bajpai, K.D (2004). <i>Indian Numismatic Studies</i>. Abhinav Publications. p. 151. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>8170170354</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal1989" class="citation book cs1">Agrawal, Ashvini (1989). <i>Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 23. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>8120805925</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-hflam-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hflam_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hflam_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFvon_StietencronFlamm1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Heinrich_von_Stietencron" title="Heinrich von Stietencron">von Stietencron, Heinrich</a>; Flamm, Peter (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpLBpUCufwC&q=cakra+discoid+medieval+sudarsana+wheel+of+time&pg=PA97"><i>Epic and Purāṇic bibliography: A-R</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3447030283</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-begley-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-begley_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-begley_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-begley_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-begley_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-begley_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-begley_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayne Edison Begley. (1973). Viṣṇu's flaming wheel: the iconography of the Sudarśana-cakra, pp. 18, 48, 65–66, 76–77. Volume 27 of Monographs on archaeology and fine arts. New York University Press</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-doshi-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doshi_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doshi_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doshi_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doshi_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saryu Doshi, (1998). Treasures of Indian art: Germany's tribute to India's cultural heritage, p. 68. The National Museum of India.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-parimoo-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parimoo_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFParimoo2000" class="citation book cs1">Parimoo, Ratan (2000). <i>Essays in New Art History: Text. Volume 1 of Essays in New Art History: Studies in Indian Sculpture : Regional Genres and Interpretations</i>. Books & Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>148. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>8185016615</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-orissa-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orissa_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Orissa Historical Research Journal, Volume 31, p. 90. Superintendent of Research and Museum, Orissa State Museum, 1985.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick M. Asher, 2008. Bodh Gaya: Monumental legacy, p. 90. Oxford University Press</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Col Ved Prakash, (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India, Volume 1, p. 375. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>8126907037</bdi> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic4UCdaxbHIC&dq=Chakrapurusha+from+Aphsad&pg=PA375">[1]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://vmis.in/ArchiveCategories/collection_gallery_zoom?id=491&search=1&index=30876&searchstring=india">http://vmis.in/ArchiveCategories/collection_gallery_zoom?id=491&search=1&index=30876&searchstring=india</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJouveau-Dubreuil1994" class="citation book cs1">Jouveau-Dubreuil, G (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbYKPXQ3DaAC&q=tindivanam+cave+of+perumal+chakra+without+flames&pg=PA56"><i>Pallava Antiquities</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 46. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>8120605713</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/KilmavilangaiCaveTemple_2942.aspx">"Kilmavilangai Cave Temple"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayne Edison Begley (1973). Viṣṇu's flaming wheel: the iconography of the Sudarśana-cakra, p. 77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=m33WAAAAMAAJ&dq=Ahirbudhnya-Samhita+Nayak+Sudarsana&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=">"attempt+to+resolve"</a> Volume 27 of Monographs on archaeology and fine arts. New York University Press</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-otto-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-otto_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-otto_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOtto1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Otto_Schrader_(philologist)" title="Otto Schrader (philologist)">Otto, Schrader</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth020344mbp"><i>Introduction to the Pancaratra and the Ahirbudhnya Samhita</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth020344mbp/page/n123">114</a>–115, 135.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayne Edison Begley (1973). Viṣṇu's flaming wheel: the iconography of the Sudarśana-cakra, p. 48. Volume 27 of Monographs on archeology and fine arts. New York University Press</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Śrīrāma Goyala, (1967). A history of the Imperial Guptas, p. 137. Central Book Depot.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-srinivasachari-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-srinivasachari_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFC.S1943" class="citation book cs1">C.S, Srinivasachari (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofgingeea035396mbp/historyofgingeea035396mbp_djvu.txt"><i>History Of Gingee And Its Rulers</i></a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJayaraj_Manepalli2006" class="citation web cs1">Jayaraj Manepalli (5 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/vijayanagara-period-statues-saved-from-rusting/article3128838.ece">"Vijayanagara period statues saved from rusting"</a>. <i><a href="The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swati Chakraborty, (1986). Socio-religious and cultural study of the ancient Indian coins, p. 102</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ks-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ks_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ks_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ks_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sundaram, K. (1969). The Simhachalam Temple, pp. 42, 115. Published by the Simhachalam Devasthanam.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vishnu-bhakti,_Vaishnava_theology,_and_Vaishnava_philosophy233" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><div id="Vishnu-bhakti,_Vaishnava_theology,_and_Vaishnava_philosophy233" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vishnu-bhakti, Vaishnava theology, and Vaishnava philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li>

<li><a href="Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></li>

<li><a href="Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a>

<ul><li><a href="Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Om_Namo_Bhagavate_Vasudevaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya">Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li>

<li><a href="Arati" class="mw-redirect" title="Arati">Arati</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Diksha" title="Diksha">Diksha</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a>

<ul><li><a href="Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li>

<li><a href="Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li>

<li><a href="Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li>

<li><a href="Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li>

<li><a href="Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li>

<li><a href="Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li>

<li><a href="Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li>

<li><a href="Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li>

<li><a href="Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li>

<li><a href="Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li>

<li><a href="Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li>

<li><a href="Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Holy texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></i></li>

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<ul><li><i><a href="Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li>

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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="Sampradaya#Vaishnava_Sampradayas" title="Sampradaya">Sampradayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri Sampradaya</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> - <a href="Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> - <a href="Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra Sampradaya</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> - <a href="Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kumaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaras">Four Kumāras</a> - <a href="Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li>

<li><a href="Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li>

<li><a href="Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li>

<li><a href="Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li>

<li><a href="Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li>

<li><a href="Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li>

<li><a href="Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li>

<li><a href="Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li>

<li><a href="Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li>

<li><a href="Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li>

<li><a href="Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhakti_Prajnana_Kesava_Goswami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami">Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhakti_Hridaya_Bon" title="Bhakti Hridaya Bon">Bhakti Hridaya Bon</a></li>

<li><a href="A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrivatsa_Goswami" title="Shrivatsa Goswami">Shrivatsa Goswami</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Famous bhaktas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li>

<li><a href="Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></li>

<li><a href="Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a></li>

<li><a href="Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a></li>

<li><a href="Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li>

<li><a href="Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li>

<li><a href="Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li>

<li><a href="Six_Goswamis_of_Vrindavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Goswamis of Vrindavana">Six Goswamis of Vrindavana</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaudiya_Mission" title="Gaudiya Mission">Gaudiya Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Devananda_Gaudiya_Math" title="Sri Devananda Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti</a></li>

<li><a href="ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_of_Identity_Foundation" title="Science of Identity Foundation">Science of Identity Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Caitanya_Prema_Samsthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana">Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhakti_Rakshak_Sridhar#Sri_Chaitanya_Saraswat_Math" title="Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar">Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhakti_Hridaya_Bon#Sri_Sri_Radha_Govindaji_Trust" title="Bhakti Hridaya Bon">Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Vaisnava_Association" title="World Vaisnava Association">World Vaisnava Association</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Abodes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a></li>

<li><a href="Kshira_Sagara" title="Kshira Sagara">Kshira Sagara</a></li>

<li><a href="Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a></li>

<li><a href="Vrindavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrindavana">Vrindavana</a></li>

<li><a href="Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a></li>

<li><a href="Dvaraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaraka">Dvaraka</a></li>

<li><a href="Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">Divya Desams</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Panchajanya" title="Panchajanya">Panchajanya</a></li>

<li><a href="Padma_(Vishnu)" title="Padma (Vishnu)">Padma</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaumodaki" title="Kaumodaki">Kaumodaki</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandaka" title="Nandaka">Nandaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharnga" title="Sharnga">Sharnga</a></li>

<li><a href="Narayanastra" title="Narayanastra">Narayanastra</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaustubha" title="Kaustubha">Kaustubha</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaijayanti" title="Vaijayanti">Vaijayanti</a></li>

<li><a href="Urdhva_Pundra" title="Urdhva Pundra">Urdhva Pundra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ekadashi" title="Ekadashi">Ekadashi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li>

<li><a href="Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li>

<li><a href="Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a></li>

<li><a href="Ananta_Chaturdashi" title="Ananta Chaturdashi">Ananta Chaturdashi</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaikuntha_Chaturdashi" title="Vaikuntha Chaturdashi">Vaikuntha Chaturdashi</a></li>

<li><a href="Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaturmasya" title="Chaturmasya">Chaturmasya</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Karatalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Karatalas">Karatalas</a></li>

<li><a href="Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li>

<li><a href="Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">Harmonium</a></li>

<li><a href="Incense_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Incense of India">Incense of India</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a></li>

<li><a href="Japamala" title="Japamala">Japamala</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dvait%C4%81dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitādvaita">Dvaitādvaita</a></li>

<li><a href="Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a></li>

<li><a href="Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li>

<li><a href="Achintya_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Achintya Bhedābheda">Achintya Bhedābheda</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jagannatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannatha">Jagannatha</a></li>

<li><a href="Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a></li>

<li><a href="Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li>

<li><a href="Paramatma" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramatma">Paramatma</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a></li>

<li>Devis list</li>

<li><a href="Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></li>

<li><a href="Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li>

<li><a href="Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li>

<li><a href="Niladevi" title="Niladevi">Niladevi</a></li>

<li>Demigods list</li>

<li><a href="Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li>

<li><a href="Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Indian idealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a></li>

<li><a href="Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a></li>

<li><a href="Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a></li>

<li><a href="Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Krishnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnology">Krishnology</a></li>

<li>Vaishnava theology</li>

<li><a href="Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_views_on_evolution" title="Hindu views on evolution">Hindu views on evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">Hindu astrology</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_numbers_in_Hindu_scriptures" title="List of numbers in Hindu scriptures">List of numbers in Hindu scriptures</a></li>

<li><a href="Portal%3AHinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jagannath_worship231" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><div id="Jagannath_worship231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Jagannath worship</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li>

<li><a href="Balarama" title="Balarama">Balabhadra</a></li>

<li><a href="Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Odisha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Gundicha_Temple" title="Gundicha Temple">Gundicha</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Baripada" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple, Baripada">Baripada</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Gunupur" title="Jagannath Temple, Gunupur">Gunupur</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Koraput" title="Jagannath Temple, Koraput">Koraput</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Nayagarh" title="Jagannath Temple, Nayagarh">Nayagarh</a></li>

<li><a href="Ananta_Vasudeva_Temple" title="Ananta Vasudeva Temple">Bhubaneswar</a></li>

<li><a href="Baladevjew_Temple" title="Baladevjew Temple">Kendrapara</a></li>

<li><a href="Chhatia_Bata" title="Chhatia Bata">Chhatia Bata</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Dharakote" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple, Dharakote">Dharakote</a></li>

<li><a href="Patali_Srikhetra" title="Patali Srikhetra">Patali Srikhetra</a></li>

<li>Barbil</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Rest of India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agartala_Jagannath_Mandir" title="Agartala Jagannath Mandir">Agartala</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Ahmedabad" title="Jagannath Temple, Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Alwar" title="Jagannath Temple, Alwar">Alwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple, Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Chennai" title="Jagannath Temple, Chennai">Chennai</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Delhi" title="Jagannath Temple, Delhi">Delhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Dibrugarh" title="Jagannath Temple, Dibrugarh">Dibrugarh</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Digha" title="Jagannath Temple, Digha">Digha</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Hyderabad" title="Jagannath Temple, Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Ranchi" title="Jagannath Temple, Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohanpur_Jagannath_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohanpur Jagannath temple">Medinipur</a></li>

<li><a href="Rathayatra_of_Mahesh" title="Rathayatra of Mahesh">Mahesh</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Abroad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comilla_Jagannath_Temple" title="Comilla Jagannath Temple">Comilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhamrai_Jagannath_Roth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamrai Jagannath Roth">Dhamrai</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Pabna" title="Jagannath Temple, Pabna">Pabna</a></li>

<li><a href="Shri_Jagannath_Puri_Temple" title="Shri Jagannath Puri Temple">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannath_Temple%2C_Sialkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple, Sialkot">Sialkot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="List_of_festivals_observed_at_Jagannatha_Temple%2C_Puri" title="List of festivals observed at Jagannatha Temple, Puri">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chandan_Yatra" title="Chandan Yatra">Chandan Yatra</a></li>

<li><a href="Holi" title="Holi">Dola Yatra</a></li>

<li><a href="Panchaka" title="Panchaka">Panchaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabakalebara" title="Nabakalebara">Nabakalebara</a>

<li><a href="Ratha-Yatra_(Puri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratha-Yatra (Puri)">Rath Yatra</a></li>

<li><a href="Snana_Yatra" title="Snana Yatra">Snana Yatra</a></li>

<li><a href="Beshas_of_Jagannath" title="Beshas of Jagannath">Besha</a>

<ul><li><a href="Suna_Besha" title="Suna Besha">Suna Besha</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kapila_Purana" title="Kapila Purana">Kapila Purana</a></li>

<li><a href="Madala_Panji" title="Madala Panji">Madala Panji</a></li>

<li><a href="Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li>

<li><a href="Dahuka_boli" title="Dahuka boli">Dahuka boli</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Devotees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indradyumna" title="Indradyumna">Indradyumna</a></li>

<li><a href="Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarala_Dasa" title="Sarala Dasa">Sarala Dasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Balarama_Dasa" title="Balarama Dasa">Balarama Dasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Atibadi Jagannatha Dasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Jasobanta_Dasa" title="Jasobanta Dasa">Jasobanta Dasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Ananta_Dasa" title="Ananta Dasa">Ananta Dasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Achyutananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyutananda">Achyutananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Salabega" title="Salabega">Salabega</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhavi_Pattanayak" title="Madhavi Pattanayak">Madhavi Pattanayak</a></li>

<li><a href="Dinakrushna_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinakrushna Das">Dinakrushna Das</a></li>

<li><a href="Banamali_Dasa" title="Banamali Dasa">Banamali Dasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Upendra_Bhanja" title="Upendra Bhanja">Upendra Bhanja</a></li>

<li><a href="Baladeba_Ratha" title="Baladeba Ratha"><i>Kabisurjya</i> Baladeba Ratha</a></li>

<li><a href="Gopalakrusna_Pattanayaka" title="Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka">Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a></li>

<li><a href="Gahana_Vije" class="mw-redirect" title="Gahana Vije">Gahana Vije</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahaprasad_(Jagannath_Temple)" title="Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)">Mahaprasad</a></li>

<li><a href="Nilachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilachal">Nilachal</a></li>

<li><a href="Nila_Chakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nila Chakra">Nila Chakra</a></li>

<li><a href="Neela_Madhava" title="Neela Madhava">Neela Madhava</a></li>

<li><a href="Samkha_Kshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkha Kshetra">Samkha Kshetra</a></li>

<li><a href="Shri_Jagannath_Temple_Act%2C_1955" title="Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955">Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li>

<li><a href="Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li>

<li><a href="Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li>

<li><a href="Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li>

<li><a href="Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li>

<li><a href="Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li>

<li><a href="Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li>

<li><a href="Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li>

<li><a href="Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li>

<li><a href="Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li>

<li><a href="Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li>

<li><a href="Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li>

<li><a href="Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li>

<li><a href="Gayatri" title="Gayatri">Gayatri</a></li>

<li><a href="Indrani" title="Indrani">Indrani</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li>

<li><a href="Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li>

<li><a href="Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li>

<li><a href="Rohini_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li>

<li><a href="Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li>

<li><a href="Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li>

<li><a href="Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Deity groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li>

<li><a href="Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li>

<li><a href="Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li>

<li><a href="Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danavas</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li>

<li><a href="Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpalas</a></li>

<li><a href="Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li>

<li><a href="Gana" title="Gana">Ganas</a></li>

<li><a href="Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnaras</a></li>

<li><a href="Kimpurushas" title="Kimpurushas">Kimpurushas</a></li>

<li><a href="Maruts" title="Maruts">Maruts</a></li>

<li><a href="Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitri" title="Pitri">Pitṛs</a></li>

<li><a href="Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li>

<li><a href="Ribhus" title="Ribhus">Ribhus</a></li>

<li><a href="Sadhyas" title="Sadhyas">Sadhyas</a></li>

<li><a href="Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li>

<li><a href="Vasu" title="Vasu">Vasus</a></li>

<li><a href="Vidyadhara" title="Vidyadhara">Vidyadharas</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>

<li><a href="Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li>

<li><a href="Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li>

<li><a href="Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-22" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Sudarshana_Chakra&oldid=1301960706">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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